Also, the increasing use of medications such as beta-blockers, ACE-inhibitors, ARBs or aldosterone blockers in patients with CS during the hospital admission may have participated in their improved long-term survival; of note, the percentage of patients with CS receiving beta-blockers increased from 68% at discharge to 81% at one year, and the percentage of patients receiving either ACE-inhibitors or ARBs marginally increased from 78% to 81% . This evidence concerns the gene ACE and Cowden syndrome 1.