An Alu element containing the vitamin D receptor binding element in the promoter of CAMP gene mediates the vitamin D-cathelicidin pathway and becomes a key component of a novel innate immune response of human to infection [142]. Alu-DR (direct repeat) elements provide the binding sites for hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) which activates the transcription of a list of target genes [143]. Here, HNF4A is linked to infection.