HPGDS and diabetes mellitus: Other studies have reported increases in urinary excretion of kidney injury markers, including lipocalin 2 (Lcn-2), OPN, α-glutathione S-transferase (α-Gst), μ-glutathione S-transferase (μ-Gst), and beta-2 microglobulin (β2m) in diabetes [22, 28] and ischemic or nephrotoxic injury in both animals and humans [11, 12, 28].