GSTM1 and anemia (phenotype): It is apparent from Tables 2 and 3 that the majority of the hemoglobin E trait, hemoglobin E-β-thalassemia, and sickle cell-E-disease cases showed moderate to severe anemia, reduced values of red cell indices like red blood cell (RBC), Hb level, hematocrit (HCT), mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), with the presence of target cells.