In conclusion, the findings of our present study established, for the first time, that mangiferin treatment could provide effective protection against oxidative injury in the renal tissue of STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats via ROS-induced, PKCs, MAPKs, NF-κB and TGF-β1 mediated, TNFα related mitochondrial dependent apoptotic pathways (Figure 15). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.