DDIT3 and cancer: Although it is uncertain whether the fucoidan-induced increase of eIF2α phosphorylation is caused by the activated PERK in the ER or other kinases involved in the integrated stress response such as the general control nonrepressed 2 protein kinase and heme-regulated inhibitor [40], [41], cellular activation of p-eIF2α\CHOP by fucoidan potentially leads to cell apoptosis in these cancer cells.