DNA methylation-based candidate clinical biomarker genes for the early detection include vimentin (VIM) [128,163], septin 9 (SEPT9) [129,164], and syndecan 2 (SDC2) [165,166] for colorectal cancer, glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) for prostate cancer [136,167,168], and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) [169,170] and short stature homeobox 2 (SHOX2) (see below) for lung cancer. Here, VIM is linked to lung carcinoma.