GJA1 and Parkinson disease: PD animal models (MTPT-treated mice and rotenone-treated rats) exhibited upregulation of astrocytic Cx43 expression in affected areas (Rufer et al., 1996; Kawasaki et al., 2009), and a gap junction/hemichannel blocker ameliorated the disease symptoms of a PD mouse model (Suzuki et al., 2014).