Some, but by no means all, of these rodent findings are paralleled by human studies demonstrating associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GAL gene and/or one of its three receptors, and depression or anxiety disorders (Unschuld et al., 2008; Wray et al., 2010; Juhasz et al., 2014) and addictive behaviours that include smoking (Gold et al., 2012), alcohol (Belfer et al., 2006), and heroin (Levran et al., 2008). The gene discussed is GAL; the disease is depressive disorder.