It has been reported that activation of BCR-ABL stimulates the production of cytokines, including IL-3, G-CSF and GM-CSF, which bind to their cognate receptors and contribute to TKI resistance of CML stem/progenitor cells through activation of the JAK2/STAT5 pathway [44, 48]. The gene discussed is CSF2; the disease is chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.