This signature is characterized by a relative overexpression of genes in the MAPK/ERK pathway, in line with the fact that type 1 ovarian tumors often harbor mutations in KRAS and BRAF. Four of five borderline tumors in our cohort displayed KRAS or BRAF mutations, and the two malignant tumors harboring mutations in KRAS in turn correlated to the C3 and C4 ovarian signatures. Here, KRAS is linked to cancer.