When we compared stress protein levels between the pathological groups and our 10 CNT hearts, we found that IRE1 was significantly reduced in ICM [82±19 vs. 100±23 arbitrary units (AU), p<0.05] (Fig. 1A), while p-IRE1 was upregulated in DCM patients (136±29 vs. 100±34 AU, p<0.05) (Fig. 1B). The gene discussed is ERN1; the disease is familial dilated cardiomyopathy.