GRP78, XBP1 and ATF6 were significantly increased in both DCM (120±19 vs. 100±23 AU, p<0.05, 124±33 vs. 100±14 AU, p<0.05, and 149±53 vs 100±31 AU, p<0.05, respectively) and ICM samples (117±21 vs. 100±23 AU, p<0.05, 120±22 vs. 100±14 AU, and 161±40 vs 100±31 AU, p<0.01, respectively) (Fig. 1C, D and E). Here, ATF6 is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.