Increased levels of inflammatory molecules such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, TNF-α, CRP, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), eotaxin, and macrophages inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP-1 α) have been reported in brain tissue from patients with AD (40, 42). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.