Conversely, mutations in certain driver genes, including BAP1 (BRCA1 associated protein-1), PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog), PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha), SETD2 (SET domain containing 2) and TP53 (encoding tumor protein p53), were always subclonal, and thus probably involved in ccRCC progression. Here, PTEN is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.