BRAF and melanoma: For example, oncogenic alterations such as mutations in KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog), BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase), PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, catalytic subunit alpha) and EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) can be readily detected in the blood of patients with lung, colorectal, breast or pancreatic cancer, or melanoma.