MTOR and renal cell carcinoma: NVP-BEZ-235 is a synthetic imidazo[4,5-c]quinoline derivative compound that acts as a selective dual pan-class I PI3K and mTOR kinase inhibitor [19], and reversibly binds the ATP-binding sites of class I PI3K and mTOR kinase, inhibiting their catalytic activities; it has been shown to inhibit PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and has anti-proliferative and anti-tumor activity in several cancers, including breast cancer [20], glioma [21], lymphoma [22], NSCLC [23], pancreatic cancer [24], and renal cell carcinoma [25].