If CagA prevents the asymmetric cell division (AsCD) options described in Figure 1 (Additional file 1,3 Note 2“Categories of Symmetric and Asymmetrical Cell Divisions”) or causes an aberrant AsCD, then the homeostasis of the couplet cells (G- and ECL-cells) which produce the Trefones gastrin and histamine, respectively, would be disrupted and abnormal proliferation would ensue, perhaps with excess of either or both Trefones, ulceration and/or cancer. Here, S100A8 is linked to cancer.