Some genes within the “organ morphogenesis” gene ontology, such as PDGFRA, TWIST1, WNT7B, and SFPTB[39]–[42], have been implicated in IPF pathogenesis; other genes in the “potassium ion binding” gene ontology have been implicated in renal fibrosis [43] and further interrogation of the function of these genes could drive the discovery of novel mechanisms of IPF pathogenesis. Here, TWIST1 is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.