LIF and rheumatoid arthritis: Other cytokines/chemokines, such as IL-8, IL-9, IL-15, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), growth-related oncogenes GRO-α and GRO-β, CCL19, CXCL12, and CXCL13, were upregulated in preclinical or clinical period of RA development by induction of IL-17 or TNF-α and IL-1 synergically [4, 5, 63, 64].