CD4 and helminthiasis: Since a decrease in multifunctional CD4+ Th1 cells is known to be associated with increased bacterial burdens in active TB [19] and since both mono - and multifunctional CD4+ Th1 cells are potential correlates of protective immunity in TB [11], we sought to determine the impact of helminth infection on both the mono-functional and multifunctional CD4+ Th1 responses in TB infected individuals.