To determine the role of IL-10 and other known immunomodulatory cytokines (e.g.TGFβ in the modulation of CD4+ Th1 cells in active TB with concomitant helminth infection, we measured the frequency of cells following stimulation with the TB antigen -CFP-10 in the presence or absence of anti-IL-10 or anti-TGFβ neutralizing antibody in FIL/TB and TB alone individuals (n = 10). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is helminthiasis.