The etiology of anemia in HIV-infection is multifactorial and has been attributed to infiltrative conditions of the bone marrow (e.g. neoplasms, drugs or infections including HIV itself) [16, 46], hemolytic causes (e.g. red blood cell autoantibodies [47], drugs [48]), decreased production of or response to endogenous erythropoietin [49] and nutritional deficiencies [50]. Here, EPO is linked to anemia (phenotype).