Interestingly, this is in agreement with a recently published GWAS which also implicated the TGF-β and the mTOR pathways in late stage AMD by identifying risk associated genetic variants near or within the genes encoding the transforming growth factor, beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)[8], [17]. Here, TGFBR1 is linked to age-related macular degeneration.