INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes emerges due to several factors such as inhibition of glucose absorption, increase in glucose uptake and upregulation of glucose transporters, activation of the nuclear receptor PPARγ, increase in adiponectin release, glycogen metabolism, absent or decreased insulin production and/or impaired function, insulin mimetic and insulinotropic effect, elevation of D-Chloroinositol, incretin mimetics and incretin enhancers, and the role of endogenous opioids on glucose homeostasis and antioxidants.