There was a significantly higher frequency of CD25+FoxP3+ CD4 T-cells in PTB infected individuals with (mean±SEM: 8.57±1.07, p = 0.0012) and without (mean±SEM: 6.09±0.39, p = 0.035) HIV-1 co-infection when compared to healthy controls (mean±SEM: 5.04±0.33) (Figure 2A). Here, CD4 is linked to coinfection.