As an early example, the identification of recurrent somatic mutations in the serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf (BRAF) gene from systematic gene sequencing [13] prompted the development of multiple targeted inhibitors of BRAF (notably vemurafenib and dabrafenib), currently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for melanoma and showing promise in a range of other cancer types [14,15]. This evidence concerns the gene BRAF and cancer.