Recent successful applications of whole-genome or exome sequencing in exceptional responders include the identification of tuberous sclerosis 1 protein/hamartin (TSC1) and serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR/mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) mutations in bladder cancer patients responding to everolimus and a mutation in serine/threonine-protein kinase A-Raf (ARAF) in a lung cancer patient responding to sorafenib [19–21]. This evidence concerns the gene ARAF and lung carcinoma.