NPPB and Abnormal renal physiology: To evaluate the prognostic impact of renal dysfunction in the context of the two underlying hemodynamic mechanisms, we performed logistic regression analyses on subgroups of patients with or without hypoperfusion-dominant characteristics (e.g., patients with cold extremities, low LVEFs, low mBPs, or low PPPs) and on subgroups of patients with or without congestion-dominant characteristics (e.g., edema, JVD or high BNP levels).