INS and chronic kidney disease: Table 1 depicted data of those with or without CVD in acarbose users. Those with CVD were older, male predominant, had more comorbidities with hypertension and CKD but were less likely to have hyperlipidemia (all P < 0.001), and had lesser use of combined oral hypoglycemic agents but more use of insulin as compared to those without CVD (Table 1).