TLR9 and infection: As previously reported [26, 28], mice deficient in either TLR9 or MYD88 were partially protected from lethal infection with P. berghei when compared with wild-type mice, with Tlr9-/- mice less well protected than Myd88-/- mice (29% escape and 58% escape, respectively, with escape defined as survival past day 12 of infection; Figure 1A).