TLR9 and malaria: TLR9, an endosomal DNA sensor, is a more well-established sensor of both mouse and human malaria parasites [31, 32, 37, 40, 41]; however, similar to the controversy over the role of TLR2 in experimental cerebral malaria, some studies have found that TLR9 deficiency results in protection from disease [26, 28], whereas other studies have found no differences as compared with wild-type mice [30, 42].