Patients demonstrating proteinuria, who would not normally be eligible for ART due to an elevated CD4 count, benefit from timely initiation of ART, which can greatly improve survival rates, with stabilisation of eGFR.7,30 Therefore screening of patients enrolling into an ART programme, with urine dipsticks or spot urine sampling for proteinuria should be standard practice and could have an impact on the prevalence of HIVAN. Here, CD4 is linked to HIV-associated nephropathy.