CAMP and sclerosing cholangitis: Since the vitamin D response element is absent in the murine Cramp promoter (in contrast to humans) [41], we conclude that the decrease of Cramp expression upon vitamin D supplementation to levels observed in healthy controls is more likely to reflect the amelioration of hepatic inflammation than direct effects on Cramp. Further investigations into the regulation of antimicrobial peptides in sclerosing cholangitis would be interesting but were beyond the scope of this study.