TLR3 and Encephalopathy: A deficiency of TLR3 in humans predisposes to a genetic risk factor for herpes simplex virus encephalitis [43] and influenza A virus-induced encephalopathy [44], but TLR3−/− mice infected with influenza [45], punta toro [46], and vaccinia viruses [47] showed improved survival and decreased production of inflammatory cytokines.