HMGB1 and intrahepatic cholestasis: In the present study, it was investigated whether HMGB1 is released from cholangiocytes to induce cholangiole inflammation and the exacerbation of intrahepatic cholestasis in ACLF and if such a release can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in vitro.