Of the 14 analyzed genes/repeats, the maternally imprinted MEST gene, the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1, and ALU interspersed elements (Fig. 1) showed significant hypomethylation in both tissues of newborns of mothers with either dietetically treated or insulin-dependent GDM, compared with controls without exposure to GDM. This evidence concerns the gene INS and gestational diabetes.