PGF and pulmonary emphysema: To evaluate the roles of PlGF and JNK/PKCδ signaling in NE-induced apoptosis and emphysema in an animal model, 50 mg/kg of SP600125, 3 mg/kg scramble siRNA, 3 mg/kg PKCδ siRNA, or 3 mg/kg PlGF siRNA were co-treated with NE installation (NE SP, NE Si-Sc, NE Si-PK, or NE Si-Pl) on WT and PlGF KO mice weekly for one month.