GAPDH and diabetes mellitus: Among these proteins, g lyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), (Table 2) was upregulated following exposure to F. Increased expression of GAPDH is usually observed in diabetes [41], which is consistent with our findings of increased GAPDH expression in D animals compared o ND animals with no exposure to F. This increase intensified upon exposure to 50 ppm F, which may indicate the loss of glucose and lipid homeostasis.