TNF and infection: The present study serves to contribute to the working body of knowledge on the interaction of C. psedotuberculosis and immune resonse of the host, as it clearly demonstrates the importance of the MAPK p38 and ERK 1 pathways with respect to TNF-α production, as well as the MAPK p38 and ERK 1 and 2 pathways in relation to IL-10 production under infection by C. pseudotuberculosis, providing evidence that the respective signaling pathways are important regulators of cellular response to this pathogen.