VCAM1 and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: Indeed, OSA patients had increased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6, as well as adhesion molecules for leukocyte recruitment, including intercellular adhesion molecules-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) [25, 26].