NFKB1 and diabetes mellitus: Although the exact mechanisms of inflammation and oxidative stress have not been accurately elucidated in CKD patients, a number of the following factors appear to be involved, including uremic toxins [28], rennin-angiotensin system [29], hypertension [30], underlying diseases (diabetes and autoimmune diseases, etc.)[31], infection, iron overload [32], and antioxidant deficiency [33], etc. Oxidative stress can provoke inflammation by activating NF-κB and causing the subsequent generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Figure 6) [34].