Recent studies demonstrated that IgG autoantibodies against apoA-I are raised in many diseases associated with a high cardiovascular risk, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, acute coronary syndrome, myocardial infarction, rheumatoid arthritis, severe carotid stenosis, and end-stage renal disease (11, 12). Here, APOA1 is linked to stage 5 chronic kidney disease.