In keeping with the immunomodulatory effect of MBL, it is known that low concentrations lead to increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6, interleukin 1β, and tumor necrosis factor α [40, 41], all of which have also been shown to be elevated in response to CDI [42, 43]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is clostridium difficile infection.