The precise role of the endocannabinoid system in promoting cardiovascular diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome, including hypertension, is less clear in part due to the inability to differentiate direct effects on AP from indirect effects mediated by weight loss or normalization of metabolic factors such as insulin or leptin sensitivity (Grassi et al. 2008; Ruilope et al. 2008). Here, INS is linked to metabolic syndrome.