Given the importance of the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathways in IGF-I: IGFBP:VN-stimulated migration of breast cancer cells in vitro[9], and in IGF-I-stimulated ECM re-modelling [27] and EMT events [27, 28], protein intermediates within these pathways were also investigated. This evidence concerns the gene WNK2 and breast cancer.