For comparison, controls were treatment-naïve individuals with confirmed HIV infection (2 months to 7 years since the estimated date of infection [26]), and with comparable levels of viremia (average plasma HIV RNA levels 5.07±0.49 log copies/mL plasma) and relatively comparable CD4+ T cell counts (average 602.9±173.4 CD4+ T cells/mm3 blood) (Table 1). Here, CD4 is linked to HIV infectious disease.