Using plasmid constructs, viral protein alone was shown to activate both the classical and the alternative NFκB pathway at later time points [23], [36], We saw neither effect here at our earlier time points perhaps because these macrophages have a non-productive infection [45], [51] and are starting to undergo apoptosis by the time viral proteins might be approaching sufficient levels [79], [80]. This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and infection.