NFKBIA and infection: Results shown here are consistent with those from PR8 infection of RAW 264.7 cells which showed no IκBα decrease up to 16 h pi [44], and from pH1N1 infection in swine cells for which only very late 16–32 h activation occurred [40] (X-31 is a re-assortment virus containing the H3N2 proteins of Aichi/68 but the internal proteins of PR8 [45]).