NFKB1 and infection: In epithelial cells canonical NFκB activation was observed in response to FLUA infection, as shown by the degradation of NFκB inhibitors IκBα and IκBβ visualized by Western blot, by NFκB nuclear translocation visualized by immunofluorescence, or by enhanced transcription factor DNA binding shown by electromobility shift assay or reporter gene assay [34], [59]–[61].