NCAM1 and astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma): Whether polySia expression prevents unfavorable effects of NCAM, such as leading cells towards epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), or repress the intercellular connections mediated by NCAM through creating a hydrophilic radius on the cell surface, is speculative, but polySia expression may be an additional prognostic marker in most unfavorable astrocytomas, like in most unfavorable neuroblastomas[16].