The cytokines profile in SV40-positive MM patients compared to that of SV40-negative MM patients showed that six cytokines, IL-15, EOTAXIN, MIP-1β, IL-18, IFN-α2, and HGF were up-regulated (p<0.01) whereas 2 cytokines, MCP-3 and MIF (p<0.01) were found at lower levels (Figure 4). This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and Miyoshi myopathy.