Indeed, our epidemiological data throughout the year demonstrated that among admitted adult patients with diverse respiratory diseases, including acute exacerbation of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (n = 15), pneumonia (n = 43), asthma attack (n = 14), and exacerbation of COPD (n = 11), there were 4 cases of definite Mp pneumonia as diagnosed by a CF antibody titer increased ≥ 4-fold or passive particle agglutination test ≥ 640, but with no identifiable Mp in the throat/nasopharynx or sputum by both culture and PCR methods (Kurai et al., 2013b) (Figure 7). This evidence concerns the gene PPP1CB and pneumonia.