VEGFA and diabetic macular edema: Thus, the pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema (DME) includes several interrelated factors such as chronic hyperglycemia, hypoxia, accumulation of free radicals, activation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), alterations in endothelial intercellular junctions, pericyte loss, retinal vessel leukostasis, disruption of the BRB, and an increase in vascular permeability [9, 10].