AKT1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Furthermore, using TGFβ1 to stimulate TGFR downstream signaling pathways, we found that TGFβ1 stimulation enhanced the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, Akt, and Erk in NSCLC; however, fucoidan still abolished the TGFβ1-induced phosphorylation of these molecules (Fig. 3C).