IRF5 and fungal infectious disease: In fact, Dectin-1, known to recognize β-glucans of fungal cell wall (Brown, 2006), is widely expressed by DCs and macrophages and the activation of IRF5 by the Dectin-1-Syk pathway has been implicated in the induction of type I interferon-β (IFN-β) gene upon fungal infection (del Fresno et al., 2013; Leibundgut-Landmann et al., 2008; Backer et al., 2008; Brown et al., 2002; Honda and Taniguchi, 2006).