Interestingly, we observed nuclear translocation of IRF5, a hallmark of its activation (Honda and Taniguchi, 2006), following incubation of WT splenocytes with B16 cells (in 50 to 1 or 100 to 1 cell ratio), but not in splenocytes from mice deficient in the Clec7a gene that encodes Dectin-1 (hereafter Dectin-1-deficient mice), indicating there is a Dectin-1 signal-dependent IRF5 activation by the tumor cells (Figure 2A). Here, IRF5 is linked to neoplasm.